Learning to be a Citizen of Cyberspace :: Technology Education Papers

Figuring out how to be a Citizen of Cyberspace Most scientists concur that the development of an information based society will achieve principal changes in the creation, conveyance and trade of data and that practically every social and social foundation will be changed here and there, however none more than instruction (Negroponte, 1995; Oppenheimer, 1997; Stevenson, 1997; Upitis, 1997). This is on the grounds that, more than some other social organization, instruction is in a general sense about information, data, and correspondence. In spite of the fact that it surely utilizes material devices and in some cases brings about the creation of material merchandise, these are subordinate to the central procedure of instruction: individuals use information to make increasingly knowledgable individuals. It is along these lines to be expected to discover significant help for changing training with the goal that it is as completely autonomous as conceivable from geographic area and physical space. In the event that training doesn't require a particular spatial area or a structure, at that point it tends to be conveyed from anyplace to anyplace. This will, some contend, change the key framework of training at each level, beginning especially at the post-optional level, and will in a general sense disintegrate nearby network, or even national authority over instruction. The improvement of on-line courses, libraries and other data assets, and the showcasing of removed or on-line instruction by organizations and schools anxious to benefit from chances to grow their points of view, are the start of what some observe as an upset in learning. (Veccia, 1998; Wilson, 1997) Notwithstanding conquering topographical limitations on the conveyance of training, new advances guarantee to grow the essential idea of instruction. In quantitative terms, PC correspondence is opening up immense new wellsprings of data and learning by empowering on-line get to that liberates schools from complete reliance on paper conveyance. Related with this is the capacity to connect composed with sound and visual material that can advance the full scope of the learner’s faculties. The innovation likewise makes a subjective development in the methods for training by taking a procedure established in the single direction conveyance of information and making it progressively participatory and complementary. Instruction moves from an accentuation on transmitting data to the dynamic production of information. Besides, as per this view, PC correspondence takes an arrangement of learning situated in tight direct, story structures, and frees it up to a wide scope of non-straight, exploratory procedures that permit the student to utilize their own numerous subjective maps. Accordingly understudies commonly establish their learning surroundings, all of which develop in the learning procedure.

Life Define Leadership Essay

What is the administration? I frequently ask myself. Administration is a theoretical ideas, a few people don’t have a best approach to genuine characterize authority, regardless of whether he is currently running a huge organization even initiative a nation. Due to its class is too huge. Through half a month of study hall study, I slowly with the own authority definition, started to attempt to investigate what is initiative. Before work understanding, likewise need to lead a group, however have no genuine framework to realize what the authority is. Beneath the article I will clarify the administration in my heart. Initiative is a procedure of completing things through individuals, in the course reading, we start to contact the Leadership of the hypothesis of information, likewise in class, through a couple of little games, for example, Marshmallow tower, practice Leadership. The reading material says the three sorts of initiative, popularity based, tyrant, free enterprise, I think, genuine authority is hard to legitimately will these different, and they will combination these sorts. In various occasions and diverse circumstance, shows the distinctive style, this is the genuine pioneers. In the event that easy to put a person’s administration types are characterized it is uneven. We can just say they are progressively disposed to what kind. For instance, I will discuss my own understanding. At the point when I was a universities’ understudy in China, I opened a web based business organization, it called Universities’ mobile phone association of China and seven individuals started a new business as partners for the organization, they were understudies as well, I was in them as pioneer. From the outset, everybody has incredible eagerness, is with an energy of the hole work, additionally depend on my own appeal, since we were both have no cash, no experience. Numerous organizations need to work things, for example, do site, hair handbill, hold up a tired of live. Be that as it may, the work isn't perfect, the organization doesn't have benefit, after timeframe, they started to become upset, lose enthusiasm. They all needed to surrender. Somebody recommended, just surrendered it, and afterward endeavor on pointless. What's more, this time, as a group chief, you should stand up, with tyrant path hang tight, in the soul up propel them, utilize the positive soul to rouse them. Let them think we are a group and never surrender. To hang tight, we will be fruitful. This is a regularly in the startup issue, if the group head without certain persistence and dynamic, it is hard to spend the trouble. Luckily, we pass the challenges, the site has started to have clients, and somebody is searching for us to purchase mobile phones, bit by bit have benefit. Be that as it may, issues likewise started, the group began seven of the site’s arranging the uniqueness site is fundamentally sell cell phone, yet on the site are starting to target clients later, they need to sell different things on the site, and PDA superfluous issue. This time is to do or do all fine. It is difficult to the decision. This time, I had a gathering, and let individuals discussion of the organization, through the exceptionally fair approach to tune in to their perspectives, sums up the points of interest and hindrances of each, gauge the favorable circumstances and weaknesses and site chose to keep on selling cell phone, the industry greater, which is helpful for the following turn of events. Through three years of activity, we showcase dispersion in 20 areas, under the little group have 300 college understudy, have the equivalent regulatory home office, we shaped a decent scarcely any division, the account office, the Marketing Department, HR office, innovation office, organization office. Structure an examination of the guideline of the organization. I can say, the organization practice extraordinary authority abilities. Additionally in the genuine encounter amassed a ton of experience for initiative. Authority implies duty. It’s experience and frequently fun, however it generally implies duty. The pioneer is the person the others hope to take care of business How to utilize the administration information . There are numerous administration case examination, or Project, and underscores the grip of the business world now, after the investigation of the authority course, we can without much of a stretch see away from big business under the outside of the genuine activity of the methods, the venture procedure, culture, capital, and so forth. Obviously these to individual future profession won't have an immediate capacity, however it is a vital exercise. The eventual fate of my initiative From the authority class let me from speculation came out, let me know a totally unique world, let me clarified going into business. I accept the initiative worth, likewise would like to have more understudies, regardless of whether have the class and have joined the inventive group . let us together to do some various things, and not squander their own knowledge and one depression warm blood. You are not a completed pioneer. Nobody ever is, not in any case a president or executive. Be that as it may, you are a voyager of the human psyche since now you are going to attempt to figure out how to complete things through individuals. This is one of the keys to administration. So I will change my style and attempt various types of administration style in the study hall. Continually to encounter feel, this is favorable to the advancement of future better. I have delighted in this class can tell me some various things. The instructor has numerous approaches to enable the understudy to know some administration information like the little games. What's more, you are anything but difficult to ace this hypothesis, additionally simple to characterize. You can utilize information be applied to reality. Much obliged to you for the educator.

Strategies For Writing-Term Papers - How to Avoid Plagiarism

Strategies For Writing-Term Papers - How to Avoid PlagiarismWhen it comes to writing term papers, there are many different strategies that you can employ in order to avoid plagiarism. Some writers struggle with this issue due to their lack of experience, while others just seem to have an issue with 'flatties.' Fortunately, there are a few key strategies you can employ to help ensure your papers don't slip through the cracks of plagiarism detection.One of the first things you should do when writing term papers is to identify where you will be putting the most information. Often, students write a lot of their essays on the very last page or the very first page. If you're going to be writing more than this, you will need to establish a structure that will make it easy for you to organize your material as you go along.Writing term papers can be incredibly time consuming and it can be very difficult to remember every little detail when you're trying to do it yourself. What is often overlo oked is using a paper organizer. These are often found in the back of some books and are easily used to organize your term papers.By using a paper organizer, you are able to clearly see how your essays are arranged and make it easier to move from one section to the next. It is also a good idea to consider what type of organizer you will use for your term papers. Some are quite elaborate and use a grid system to organize your essay, while others use similar systems to allow you to identify your areas of focus.The way that term papers are organized is very important because it allows you to remain focused. If you're unable to make head or tail of what you are writing, then you will inevitably struggle to write a coherent essay. By arranging your essay this way, you'll be able to understand what is happening and allow yourself to organize your thoughts and ideas to a much greater degree.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you should never plagiarize when writing your essay. This ca n be extremely damaging to your reputation and can even end up in a longer suspension or ban from attending class. If you feel the need to put together something based on the work of another student, be sure to check to make sure they aren't doing it right.Writing term papers isn't as easy as it might seem. However, by utilizing these strategies, you will greatly increase your ability to get through the class successfully. Remember, you are creating a statement on a subject and that statement should be true for the purpose of your essay.So take a look at the books in your home and find a few good and effective strategies for writing term papers. You will also want to find out what type of organizer you will use for your term papers. These strategies will help you make sure that you have a structured essay and make sure that you don't slip through the cracks of plagiarism detection.

Lyndon B. Johnson Causes on the Vietnam War - 1077 Words

Lyndon B. Johnson: Causes on the Vietnam War America has gone through high and lows as a country, but overall we overcome and grow and use our history to shape out future. When John F. Kennedy died, Lyndon B. Johnson took over as president and was at first liked and favored that he came back for a real term after the term he took over after JFK died. He then changed, and brought many Americans to fight in Vietnam and sacrifice their lives for a Vietnamese war, and was greatly looked down upon for this. Lyndon B. Johnson politically and socially with his Great Society and changed during his time as President of the United States of America. During the course of 1965, Lyndon Johnson set the stage for three years of legislation that†¦show more content†¦They also authorized him to take whatever measures he deemed necessary against North Vietnam. In the months that came before or proceeded the 1964 presidential election, Johnson was mocked or blamed by the Republican candidate, Barry Goldwater, for being too soft in his approach to North Vietnamese military. In response to these comments by Barry Goldwater, Johnson told the public that he was not prepared to send US troops thousands of miles overseas to do what the South Vietnamese Army should be doing this whole time which was to protecting their own people. Johnson won the 1964 election by a landslide. Among the vast array of bills that he got passed were health assistance for the elderly and the poor and measures to protect the environment, increase aid to education, prohibit discrimination in housing, and protect consumer. Johnson hoped to pressure the North Vietnamese and their Viet Cong allies to give up, while at the same time avoid drawing China or the Soviet Union into the fighting. He had sent 550,000 U.S. troops to South Vietnam by 1967, a vast increase from the 16 ,000 that had been there when he succeeded to the presidency in November 1963. His failure to honestly discuss how badly the war was going and to reveal the true costs of the conflict led to a credibility gap with voters. He also badly underestimated the determination of the enemy to win. The Great Society did make some historic achievements,Show MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War and Iraq1029 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Vietnam War, between 1955 and 1984, fifty-eight thousand Americans lost their lives, as well as over three-million Vietnamese lost theirs. The financial cost to the United States comes to over one hundred-fifty-billion dollars. The causes of the Vietnam War were derived from the symptoms, components and consequences of the Cold War. The Vietnam War revolved around America’s belief that communism was a threat to expand all over South East Asia. With this being said the Vietnam War was bothRead MoreU.S. Bombing of North Vietnam1454 Words   |  6 PagesOn Februar y 24, 1965, United States President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized Operation ROLLING THUNDER to commence against North Vietnam. ROLLING THUNDER, the longest bombing campaign ever conducted by the United States Air Force, lasted from 1965 to 1968. (Tilford, â€Å"Operation ROLLING THUNDER†) There were several reasons why President Johnson chose to begin an all-out bombing campaign against North Vietnam at this time. The United States wanted to prevent the spread of communism by enforcing theRead MorePresident Lyndon. B Johnson and the Vietnam War Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pages The conflict in Vietnam for the United States started when President Dwight D. Eisenhower went along with the domino theory and sent in military advisors in South Vietnam to stop the communist movement from taking place in South Vietnam. The Vietnam conflict was between the communist’s and the United States. North Vietnam was led by Ho Chi Minh, and Ho Chi Minh led the Viet Cong, a guerilla gr oup to help spread communism. The United States were supporters of the South Vietnam because they wantedRead MoreThe Tonkin Gulf Resolution on August 7 789 Words   |  4 Pages America has gone through prosperity and depression as a country, but we overcome and grow and learn from our history to shape our future. During the course of 1965, Lyndon B Johnson set the stage for three years of legislation that completed the Domestic transformation of the United States which began three decades earlier with FDR’s New Deal, but would be overshadowed by an aggressive foreign policy driven by his support of containment and the domino theory. LBJ’s presidency underwent evolutionRead MoreKennedy s Policy Goals During The Cold War968 Words   |  4 Pagesan escalation in Vietnam. Kennedy viewed getting involved in Vietnam as a disruption to his foreign policy goals. One of Kennedy’s primary concerns during the Cold War was preventing escalation with the Soviet Union, it was a larger concern to him than to his advisors. The United States lacked support from other major countries and by interfering in Vietnam, the relationship with China that Kennedy wanted would have been negatively impacted. Kennedy’s priority during the Cold War was to defuse conflictsRead More Vietnam: The Mixture of Protests and Politics1659 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The United States was unjustified in its involvement in the Vietnam War because, in my opinion, the U.S had little justification to sacrifice thousands of innocent youths for political ideals. It was the longest and most unpopular war in which the United States fought. Many Americans on the home front protested their government’s involvement in the war. Many young Americans felt that there was no reason to fight for a cause they did not believe in, especially in such a strange foreign countryRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War1729 Words   |  7 Pages involvement in Vietnam was the longest war the U.S. has ever took part in and was considered an extended military engagement due to the fact congress never formally declared war with Vietnam (FCNL). The Vietnam War began on November 1, 1955 and lasted for 20 years until April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the communist Northern Vietnamese and the anti-communist Southern Vietnamese after the country was temporarily divided by the Geneva Accords. Americas entering of the Vietnam War proved to beRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was The War Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the1950s North Vietnam was controlled by the Viet Cong (a National Liberation Front.) The Viet Cong were bullying South Vietnam, trying to make them a communist. Most of society will not stand up for the weaker person in a bully situation. The United States is not most of society; they believe you mess with someone your own size. Many people have different views on the Vietnam War: was the war necessary, was the war worth all the sacrifices of American troops lives, what was the United StatesRead MoreHow The Vietnam War Changed America1291 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Vietnam War† (Hall xi), a rightfully said statement. Lasting from 1960-1975, it is America’s longest war and changed the United States politically, socially, and culturally during that period. In the early 1970s, the voting age was lowered to 18, largely because of the war. Also, Vietnam was one of the first wars in which African Americans largely participated. Lastly, Vietnam changed America culturally by causing mistrust in government. In the 1960s through early ‘70s, the Vietnam War changedRead MoreResurgence of Conservatism1211 Words   |  5 Pagessocial programs as a result of Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society reforms. Beginning with the election of Nixon, however, followed a gradual return to conservatism whether religiously, politically, or economically. The resurgence of conservatism in American polit ics and government in the years 1964-2005, was caused in reaction to 1960s liberal political, economic, and social policies as well as the rise of religious political groups and the controversy over the Vietnam War. The governments political

Essay On Differences Between The Scarlet Ibis And Harrison...

How do the differences of people in a society affect its conflicts? In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† by James Hurst, Doodle is a disabled adolescent boy who is considered â€Å"lower† than most of the people in his world. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† by Kurt Vonnegut, the government forces everyone to be of equal skill level and mental capacity by wearing handicaps or objects that will impair their positive traits. Doodle is a character with inferior qualities than the rest of his society, whereas Harrison is a character born with superior qualities than the rest of his society, and their differences affect the way that they address the conflicts within their society. Doodle from â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† is a young handicapped boy who is born with inferior†¦show more content†¦Unlike Doodle’s rejection of the traits he was born with, Harrison Bergeron is a teenage boy who enjoys and appreciates the characteristics he has. Harrison is portrayed as a character with superior qualities than most of the people in his society. Kurt Vonnegut describes Harrison with, Harrison Bergeron, age fourteen†¦ has just escaped from jail, where he was held on suspicion of plotting to overthrow the government. He is a genius and an athlete, is under-handicapped, and should be regarded as extremely dangerous,† (Vonnegut). This illustrates how Harrison Bergeron is a handsome boy who is smart, athletic and has many traits that are considered â€Å"higher† or â€Å"better† than the rest of people in his society. Harrison’s superior qualities result in the government trying to exacerbate his features by making him wear very heavy handicaps, large earphones, thick spectacles, a red rubber ball for a nose, and more. However, Harrison does not allow the government to hold him back. Vonnegut writes, â€Å"Harrison tore the straps of his handicap harness†¦ smashed his headphones and spectacles against the wall. He flung away his rubber-ball nose, revealed a man that would have awed Thor, the god of thunder,† (Vonnegut). This quote demonstrates the way in which Harrison deals with the qualities he is born with in his society. Harrison discards the objects that hold him back and compel him to be â€Å"equal† to others. He wants to display the perfect qualities

‘Manila amendments’ to the STCW Free Essays

As examples: The 24 hour period should start at midnight; The 24 hour period should commence at the time a seafarer starts work immediately after having any period of rest of one hour or more; The period should start from the seafarers’ first period of work on each calendar day Apparently, such variations in the interpretation can lead to substantial differences in the number of non-conformances detected and recorded, which then may potentially lead to a fatigue and subsequent accidents caused by the related human error factor. In accordance with mentioned above it could be still stated that fatigue is being considered as a significant contributory factor to many incidents in the shipping industry since the policy of monitoring of rest and work hours, that was designed as a very important tool to fght with fatigue, is not effective enough. Moreover, in a real life it creates problems with proper understanding of approach for calculation of rest and work hours, analysis of the workload and real fatigue caused by the Job. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Manila amendments’ to the STCW or any similar topic only for you Order Now And last but not least, existing form of record keeping of hours of work and rest creates a lot f paper work for the crew and Ship managers and take of their times that could be spend for more important issues. In the meantime, the fatigue prevention policy cannot be ideal since measurement of fatigue is extremely difficult due to the large variability of causes. In accordance with Guidance on Fatigue Mitigation and Management there are many ways to categorize tne causes 0T Tatlgue. 10 ensure tnorougnness ana to prov10e good coverage 0T most causes, they have been categorized into 4 general factors: Crew-specific Factors; Management Factors (ashore and aboard ship); Ship-specific Factors; Environmental Factors. Even if all of these factors can be considered with the same weighting coefficient in determination of level of fatigue, the most important factors will be still related to the crew specific factors such as Sleep and Rest, Quality, Quantity and Duration of Sleep, Sleep Disorders/Disturbances, Rest Breaks, Biological Clock/Circadian Rhythms, Psychological and Emotional Factors, including stress, Fear, Monotony and Boredom, Health, Diet, Illness, Stress, Skill, knowledge and training as it relates to the Job, Personal problems, Interpersonal relationships, Ingested Chemicals, Alcohol, Drugs (prescription and non-prescription), Caffeine, Age, Shift work and Work Schedules, Workload (mental/physical), Jet Lag, etc. In view of the above stated it should be concluded that matter of fatigue is not only related not only to the shipping industry and consequently prevention of fatigue has been already addressed in other industries, such as aviation for instance. In accordance with the ‘Fatigue in Aviation’ of Federal Aviation Administration, causes of atigue can range from boredom to circadian rhythm disruption to heavy physical exertion’. In simple terms, fatigue can be simply defined as wearisomeness, which in most cases caused by the lack of rest. Weariness, at the same time, may vary even for the crew maintaining the same tasks on different type of ships or in a different area of trading. Thus it seems to be logical that industry must use various methods for ‘measuring fatigue of their workers, but not standardising their hours of work and rest. At the same time modification of existing fatigue prevention policy should be more ocused on implementation of new technical devices in line with the proven objective approach that will not create extra paperwork but will really measure fatigue and improve effectiveness of fatigue prevention. As an example of new methodology for detecting attention lapses or impaired ability of the crew to perform their tasks measuring technique so called Blink Rate (electrooculography) can be considered being good alternative to the current paper exercises. Ponder and Kennedy in their research in 1927 have concluded that blinks are controlled by the central nervous ystem rather than peripheral processes; for this periodic, spontaneous blink, the rate of blinking is closely related to ‘mental tension’ of the subject at the time, and that in all probability the movements constitute a kind of relief mechanism whereby nervous energy, otherwise unutilized, passes into a highly facilitated path 0. A. Stern, 1994). There are some other technologies that help to define the level of fatigue at the start o a s ITt or contlnuously tnrougnout task perTormance. In researcn I-atlgue RISK Management in Aviation Maintenance: Current Best Practices and Potential Future Countermeasures, the following technologies are presented as possible systems that facilitate fatigue measurement psychomotor performance tests that are usually installed on a handheld device or and typically measure the person’s speed of response to a stimulus. Voice analysis also may be considered as a method to detect fatigue in operational personnel, particularly in settings where verbal communication occurs via radio or telephone. Different monitoring systems for measurement of alertness have been as well developed for the road transport industry, and several odels of vehicles now come equipped with systems designed to detect drowsy drivers. (Hobbs, 2011) Several of technical innovations are already being widely used in different industries and shows possibility to move from paper calculation and bureaucratic approach in fatigue management to innovational and objective approach of fatigue management. History shows that several regulations adopted before in aviation industry later were transferred into the shipping industry to assist in improvement of safety management. How to cite ‘Manila amendments’ to the STCW, Papers

Jit in Service Sector Essay Example

Jit in Service Sector Essay JIT is one of the quality management techniques widely employed in manufacturing sector. It aims at eliminating anything that is unwanted in the organisation, thereby increasing the efficiency of the operation. It is also employed in service sector. This paper deals with the issue of implementation of JIT in service sector. This issue is covered by adopting an indirect approach. All the benefits which are obtained using JIT are listed and then their corresponding implementation in service sector is discussed. It is observed that all the utilities of JIT like Reducing cost, Improving Quality, Improving Performance, Improving Delivery, Adding Flexibility and Increasing Innovativeness are implemented in service industry. This helps us to understand that basic philosophy remains the same, only implementation methodology is changed. What is JIT? JIT is a philosophy of continuous improvement in which non-value-adding activities are identified and removed for the purposes of: †¢ Reducing cost †¢ Improving Quality †¢ Improving Performance †¢ Improving Delivery †¢ Adding Flexibility †¢ Increasing Innovativeness JIT is not about automation. JIT eliminates waste by providing the environment to perfect and simplify the processes. JIT is a collection of techniques used to improve operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Jit in Service Sector specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jit in Service Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jit in Service Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It can also be a new production system that is used to produce goods or services. All the above utilities of Just in Time concept indicates that this concept is not sector specific concept. It can also be employed in service sector. Service Sector In order to define services, it is not enough to say simply that they are intangible acts as opposed to tangible goods. Most modern products are a combination of both. For example, when purchasing a washing machine the customer also receives services such as installation, maintenance and repair. When getting a haircut, the customer will likely also benefit from a number of hair care products and might even purchase some for home use. Therefore services can be characterized with the following important features: †¢ Intangibility: services cannot generally be seen, tasted, felt, heard or smelled before they are bought. †¢ Inseparability: services are produced and consumed at the same time. †¢ Variability: the quality of the same service may vary depending on who provides it as well as when and how it is provided. Perishability: services cannot be stored for later sales or use; lack of demand cannot be evened out by producing to an inventory. Several of the features enumerated above do not apply to modern information technology-based services. There, personal contact does not have any importance (e. g. , on-line learning in its purest form, on-line banking, etc. ) and variability is greatly reduced if not eliminated completely. Due to this heterogeneity in servic es it is difficult to classify them in a useful manner. Implementation of JIT in Service Sector The key principles of JIT in any system are: no wastage, total visibility, and flexibility in the use of human and material resources. In any environment these principles translate into three simple rules: don’t start any work unless the demand signal indicates a need for more material; if the demand signal indicates a need, work to fill that need; and, never exceed the queue–size limit . JIT is now fully integrated into service sector, although the use of the term JIT is rarely used. All the objectives aimed by employing JIT is achieved in service sector as seen below. Reducing Cost In Service sector return on investment (ROI) has traditionally translated to cut costs. Certainly, organizations today are under tremendous pressure from management and from customers to deliver a higher level of service at lower cost, and to do so using existing resources. Any expenditure they do make to help them achieve this goal is expected to deliver a measurable, hard-dollar ROI, and deliver it quickly. Similar to manufacturing sector, cost can be reduced by adopting standardization. Service sector can delivers standardization by applying the principles to the way people, business processes, and technology are organized. All three have become so interlinked that change to one must be addressed in all three. Uses of Information technology in various service sector industries have led to standardization. Standardization can be adopted by using the industry standards, reusable components, and consistent implementation. Industry Standard Architecture Industry standards provide a consistent enterprise-wide approach for deploying IT at the lowest cost. Reducing the diversity of your IT environment drives down the costs of implementing change. Industry standards enable different components in a heterogeneous environment to work together consistently. Todays standards will also help facilitate the integration of tomorrows standards and solutions. Standards drive efficiencies and economies of scale, increase flexibility and provide greater choice. They lower the cost of computing compared to proprietary offerings and provide the foundation for innovations that enhance functionality and the user experience. Standards also facilitate common training, best practices and the reuse of knowledge. Reusable component Reusable components break down silos of IT into modular assets. This building blocks approach applies to system elements, application and infrastructure services and people. The rapid adoption of web services is the result of standard, industry-recognized IT components that address the need to reduce cost, implement new services quickly and efficiently, and scale rapidly. Consistent Implementation Consistent implementation provides a standardized approach to the way work is organized, establishing a common framework for business and IT A consistent approach to implementation increases productivity and enables the rapid redeployment of resources to meet changing business demand and reduces the time required to implement change, improves operational efficiency, and increases flexibility when deploying human resources or changing business processes. Example McDonalds Corporation will migrate more than 4,000 stores to run on SCOS Open Server Release 5 platform over the next two years. McDonalds implementation of Open Server will assist in relaying data from the stores point-of-sale machines to McDonalds corporate headquarters, as well as provide access to corporate applications. Open Server also helps McDonalds reduce costs by allowing the use of less expensive hardware and enabling the networking and speed provided by newer hardware. ? Improving Quality According to Juran (1999), quality can be defined as fitness for use. The term can also be understood as features of the product which meet customer eeds and thereby provide customer satisfaction and as freedom from deficiencies – errors that require rework or result in field failures, customer dissatisfaction and claims etc. In order to improve quality in the service sector it is important to realize that every process generates information that can be used for its improvement. No organisation should neglect the opportunity to take a close look at accumulated data as part of the operations. With this data it is possible to discover hidden patterns in process deficiencies, form different hypothesis as to what might be the reasons for deficiencies, etc. In short, use the scientific method to increase profitability and competitiveness of the organisation as a whole by improving processes and customer satisfaction. Statistical tools for improvement of service quality The basic statistical toolbox includes a set of seven tools. Among them are check sheets, the Pareto chart, the cause-and-effect diagram, histograms, stratification, scatter plots and graphs (including the control chart). They help people see how often things happen, when and where they happen and in what different forms they may present themselves to the observer. These tools are widely used in the service industry. Example The President of a relatively small mortgage-lending bank facing a serious competition of similar institutions had decided that in order to survive in the market ,excellent service should be the bank’s trademark. They selected team conducted a preliminary statistical study of transaction data. Team members found out that the average time to complete a loan was 24 days. A market analysis showed that a shorter time period to obtain a home loan would give the bank a significant advantage over the competitors. The bank’s President nominated a team to work on reducing the waiting time for the loans approval. After flowcharting the process on the basis of available transaction data and observing the processing of new loans for 3 months, the team found out that enormous time savings could be achieved. A Pareto chart indicated that an overwhelming part of the elapsed time was due to the documents traveling between various offices since they had to be read and approved by so many different people. Further analysis showed that the steps in the process could be combined, and get done by one person. This could greatly reduce both the waiting time and the potential for errors. As a consequence, a set of standard operating procedures was prepared for the new process. After the system changes were implemented, a statistical study showed that the average time to obtain a home loan was reduced to 4 days, providing this bank with a significant advantage over its competitors. ? Improving performance Performance in a service sector can be improved by using various approaches. Any or all of the following approaches will improve organizational performance depending on if they are implemented comprehensively and remain focused on organizational results. Broad Overview of Various Approaches The following descriptions are general and brief. Balanced Scorecard: Focuses on four indicators, including customer perspective, internal-business processes, learning and growth and financials, to monitor progress toward organizations strategic goals Benchmarking: Using standard measurements in a service or industry for comparison to other organizations in order to gain perspective on organizational performance. For example, there are emerging standard benchmarks for universities, hospitals, etc. Business Process Reengineering: Aims to increase performance by radically re-designing the organizations structures and processes, including by starting over from the ground up. Cultural Change: Cultural change is a form of organizational transformation, that is, radical and fundamental form of change. Cultural change involves changing the basic values, norms, beliefs, etc. , among members of the organization. Knowledge Management: Focuses on collection and management of critical knowledge in an organization to increase its capacity for achieving results. Its effectiveness toward reaching overall results for the organization depends on how well the enhanced, critical knowledge is applied in the organization. Learning Organization: Focuses on enhancing organizations systems (including people) to increase an organizations capacity for performance. Management by Objectives (MBO): Aims to align goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization Program Evaluation: Program evaluation is used for a wide variety of applications, e. g. to increase efficiencies of program processes and thereby cut costs, to assess if program goals were reached or not, to quality programs for accreditation, etc. Strategic Planning: Organization-wide process to identify strategic direction, including vision, mission, values and overall goals. Direction is pursued by implementing associated action plans, including multi-level goals, objectives, time lines and responsibilities. Strategic planning is, of course, a form of planning. ? Improving Delivery Th e delivery in service sector is improved by the introduction of Internet and information technology. It has bridged the gap between customer and service provider. Now it is possible to take orders on computer, maintain a database of clients on network and use it as and when required. Customer segments vary by need, size and service levels so it is difficult for one delivery channel to serve all segments efficiently. Providers can often increase share of wallet with under-penetrated customer segments by creating niche-focused delivery channels. A low revenue segment, for example, can be assigned to a telephone channel at a lower cost while providing services designed to increase customer satisfaction. The niche-focused channel can be developed so it replicates the sales and service functions that traditional face-to-face delivers to more profitable segments. Contact center representatives can identify and prioritize customer needs and then deliver solutions that have high value to the customer. The path to such solutions begins with an evaluation of current channel performance to diagnose opportunities. Compare current and desired future state metrics of each channel. Then restructure key components of the delivery system for each line of business and each customer cluster. Look for solutions that guide customers into more efficient channels while actually improving service to the customer. ? Adding flexibility The only way companies can continue to empower employees and reduce the bureaucracy within their operation is to use flexible peoplepeople who can do more than one task. Business needs workers who are crosstrained in other skills and who also participate in such traditional managerial concerns as job planning, organizing, and controlling. Flexible people are also having an impact on the service industry. One example, reported by Fortune (Alster 1989), is Lechmere, Inc. , a 27store retail chain owned by Dayton Hudson. Experimenting with flexibility as a competitive tool, Lechmere began by offering employees in its Sarasota, Florida facility raises based on the number of jobs each learned to perform. Cashiers were encouraged to sell records and tapes. Sporting goods salespeople were taught to operate forklifts. What are the benefits to Lechmere? Flexibility in the work force has helped the company adjust quickly to shifts in staffing needs because workers can be moved to where they are needed. Pay incentives plus the chance for more varied and interesting work days are powerful recruiting incentives. Perhaps that is one reason Lechmeres Sarasota facility has a more stable work force60 percent full time, rather than the 30 percent that exists in the rest of the chain. ? Increasing Innovativeness Innovation is clearly critical to the dynamism of the service sector, in particular as information and communication technologies are applied to re-engineer business processes, to create and extend service offerings, and to realize entirely new business models Type of Innovation, by sector [pic] Due to the heterogeneous nature of services, innovation can take very different shapes in different areas. As shown in figure, in service sector innovation is primarily happening in terms of organizational changes. Companies are becoming horizontally integrated and job enlargement is the key driver for the organizational change. Today, it typically leads to a stronger focus on â€Å"core business†, enhancing firms’ capacity to excel in a narrower band of products. The increased tendency towards outsourcing is one element of this trend. Another one is the establishment of more continuous and mutually beneficial relationships between firms. Organizational change serves in part to improve co-operation both within and between organisations; it is often essential for reaping the gains of innovation as well as for promoting successful innovation. Hence it is observed that in service sector JIT is implemented in a different way, yet it lead to the same result. JIT is now fully integrated into service sector, although the use of the term JIT is rarely used. Examples of JIT implementation in service sector †¢ McDonald’s, Domino’s and federal Express, who compete on speed and still provide their products and services at low cost and increasing variety. Lens provider, cleaner and car-repair services can turn around customer orders in an hour. †¢ Supermarkets replenish their shelves according to what the customers withdraw. †¢ Retail stores can provide customers with more choice faster than ever before. Stores can now track customer buying habits in real-time and change their orders daily. Conclusion It is seen that elements of JIT can be applied to almost any operation, including service operations. The philosophy remains the same, only the methodology and ways of implementation changes.