History, Language and Post-colonial Issues in Brian Friel’s Translations :: Essays Papers

History, Language and Post-colonial Issues in Brian Friel’s Translations Owen: Back to first principles. What are we trying to do? Yolland: Good question. Owen: We are trying to denominate and at the same time describe . . . † Dun na nGall or Donegal? Muineachain or Monaghan? Same place, same difference? As Owen says about his own name: â€Å"Owen - Roland - what the hell. It’s only a name.† ( Translations ) For the student of post-colonial literature, what transpires in Friel’s play as the British army proceed to map this particular corner of the empire is that like language itself, it is not so much the naming and the changing of names but what that signifies and what those names signify in a particular context, coming from a particular mouth. A simple post-colonial reading could view such events as a violation of geographic space: â€Å"Imperialism after all is an act of geographical violence through which virtually every space in the world is explored, charted, and finally brought under control.† (Said, 10), and an appropriation and subversion of identity. What makes Friel’s play so rich is the way his dialogue plays with the subtle antinomies and nuances of the situation. Can one identify a coherent imperial project, a desire to exterminate subversive Gaelic or is it the inevitable pragmatic impulse of commerce and laissez-faire economics? The practicalities of day-to-day existence are clear in Maire’s desire to learn English so she can work in America. Owen exemplifies engagement with the colonial centre in contrast to his brother, Manus. However, when the play has taken it’s tragic turn it is Owen who suffers ignominy at the command of Lancey who orders him, â€Å"Do your job - translate.† (Act 3) The translations acquire the bitter taste of complicity, betrayal and shame in Owen’s mouth. Owen also serves, potentially, as ‘mimic-man’ in his role as servant of the empire - one who, â€Å" . . .simultaneously reinforces colonial authority and disturbs it.†(Sharpe) His final exit, to find Doalty - be it to help him or hinder him - as a Yeatsian ‘man of action’, potentiates this aspect of the theoretical type. His blend of pragmatism and willingness to engage mark him as, in Saidian terms, a potentially liberating force. Manus in this binarism represents Said’s first stage of Nationalism. Jose Rabasa, in ‘Allegories of Atlas’, discusses the significance of the map in colonial and post-colonial contexts. Functioning as a mirror of the world it offers a conception of ‘a reality’, â€Å" .

Our Country’s Good †Characters’ Reactions to the Play Essay

The play tells the story of convicts and Royal Marines sent to Australia in the late 1780s as part of the first penal colony there. It follows Second Lieutenant Ralph Clark’s attempts to put on a production of George Farquhar’s comedy play called â€Å"The Recruiting Officer† with a cast of male and female convicts. The play also shows interesting turning points for the convicts and their attitude towards the George Farquhar play, which now will be looked into more detail. When the play is first proposed: Upon arrival in Australia, the Governor-in-Chief Captain Arthur Phillips suggests an activity or a form of education for the convicts during their stay. Second Lieutenant Ralph Clark takes on the idea to perform a play and decides on the comedy â€Å"The Recruiting Officer†. Midshipman Harry Brewer likes the idea, but Captain Watkin Tench laughs at the very idea. Nevertheless, Ralph Clark calls upon the first convict Meg Long who is very old and smelly, and who has no idea that Ralph is talking about making a theatric play; she thinks he means something sexual by the word â€Å"play†. Even still, she tells Ralph Clark that she will do whatever he wants. Moments later, a Robert Sideway shows up and is very intrigued by doing a play and tells a story about when he used to pick pocket outside a theatre in London. He is very enthusiastic with his words â€Å"I beg you, I entreat you, to let me perform on your stage, to let me feel once again the thrill of a play about to begin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Thereafter, another two female convicts arrive; Dabby Bryant and Mary Brenham. Mary is extremely shy, but has the ability to read unlike Dabby, although Dabby is very enthusiastic about the play. Afterwards, Liz Morden appears. She seems to be a very harsh lady and snatches the book from Ralph and says â€Å"I understand you want me in your play, Lieutenant. Is that it? I’ll look at it and let you know. † These words signal anger and pride, but still a slight interest in being included in the play. The reactions of the Royal Marines are in fact quite different. In Act One, Scene Six they hear about the newfound idea of making a play with the convicts. Major Robbie Ross is the one who is the most against the idea of having a play. He believes the convicts are there to be punished for their crimes, â€Å"You want this vice-ridden vermin to enjoy themselves? † Captain Watkin Tench is on Ross’s side and believes the convicts should do hard labour instead of leisure. The Reverend Johnson agrees that the play is unable to uphold Christian values and therefore decides that the play should not be allowed. He does not believe that the convicts can reform. The only neutral person in this discussion is Lieutenant Will Dawes who does not care if the play is there or not â€Å"Put the play on, don’t put it on, it won’t change the shape of the universe. † Only Ralph Clark and Governor Phillips believe in the idea of redemption and change for the convicts, and thus building up a society amongst them all. Therefore, the Governor allows the play to proceed as Ralph Clark intended. Whilst the play is being rehearsed: Many of the convicts are disappointed in the roles they have received and there is constant confusion of the disappearance of Kable and John Arscott, where some are indicating that they have escaped. The convicts appear to be having misconceptions about acting although they are trying their best to perform. Liz Morden who appeared to be a having a negative attitude towards everything, seems now to have a more formal way of speaking and is very enthusiastic about her lines, but only remembers them because they were read to her and therefore speaks very fast. She also seems to have gained a nicer approach to her inmates â€Å"Thank you, Lucy, I do much appreciate your effort. † Ralph Clark performs a major leading role in teaching the convicts how to read their lines and act it out at the same time. He is still very interested in the play. But Major Ross ruins their rehearsals when he enters and disrupts their play by accusing Ralph for the escape of Arscott and Kable â€Å"Five men have run away and it’s all because of your damned play and your so-called thespists. † After the incident, half of the convicts end up enchained and Ralph Clark is considering shutting down the play, but Governor Phillips explains that he should not. Liz Morden, John Wisehammer, John Arscott and Black Caesar are all in chains, but still continue to rehearse the play. This gives an idea of a newfound passion for the play and a new aim in their lives before they are hanged. In the second rehearsal, some convicts are still in chains and Major Ross does everything he can to disrupt the play. Ralph makes a fool of Ross by telling him to leave â€Å"Major, there is a modesty attached to the process of creation, which must be respected. † This makes Ross even more angered and turns it around on the convicts. He makes fun of the convicts who still try to rehearse passionately. The rehearsal is stopped by the sound of Arscott’s cries. Later on, we see that Wisehammer wants to become a famous writer and he tells Ralph that he has written a new introduction for the play. The convicts are now all very into the play and they rehearse with great passion. Even when all the convicts are not present, they are forced to act to different characters, but they are willing and able. There are also some deeper emotions going on between the convicts and between Ralph and Mary. Ralph gets jealous when Wisehammer kisses Mary during the rehearsals, but Wisehammer feels it is part of the play and it should be taken seriously. Later on in Act Two, Scene Nine, Ralph and Mary are rehearsing together and they grow fond of each other as they act. â€Å"What you please as to that. Will you lodge at my quarters in the meantime? You shall have part of my bed. Silvia. Mary†. Ralph uses the words of the play to indicate his feelings for Mary and they both undress. By the conclusion of the play: In Act Two, Scene Ten, the Royal Marines are discussing the innocence of Liz Morden, and as she will not speak they think she is guilty (of stealing some food). But Governor Phillips reminds her of the play and she then speaks. This directly means she feels an obligation to her friends, and that dying would matter. She now feels she has something to live for and that is the play. Her words have also become more formal and she no longer sounds like a convict â€Å"Your Excellency, I will endeavour to speak Mr Farquhar’s lines with the elegance and clarity their own worth commands. † The play has brought everyone together and everyone has become nicer to everyone. During the backstage before the performance they discuss how to take the bow, which displays confidence in their upcoming performance and everyone is now focused on the play. Even Dabby is â€Å"suddenly transfixed† but she still wants to escape after their first performance which will get Ralph into trouble, so Mary is against it. Everyone pushes everyone to participate and motivates them. Black Caesar has stage fright but is forced to do it by his inmates. Wisehammer recites his new prologue which is surprisingly good which indicates his passion for writing and for the play itself. In conclusion, all the convicts have been convinced by the end of the play and they now feel the magic that the play contains and it had brought them all together, during rehearsals and throughout till the end.

The Early History Of Islam - 1297 Words

THE EARLY HISTORY OF ISLAM Lily Grote HUM 2020: Introduction to the Humanities December 1st, 2015 The history of the Islamic religion begins in 610 C.E., with Muhammad ibn Abdallah, a merchant who every year during the month of Ramadan would â€Å"retire to a cave on the summit of Mount Hira, just outside Mecca in the Arabian Hijaz, where he prayed, fasted and gave alms to the poor.† This was a common practice for many Arabs in the peninsula. Muhammad was a merchant, a member of the tribe Quraysh which had become quite wealthy trading among bordering countries. The Quraysh were focused on accumulating more wealth but at the expense of the tribe’s poorer family groups, known as clans. A â€Å"spiritual restlessness† had become apparent among many of the Arab countries, as they knew that Judaism and Christianity were more refined than the Arab’s own pagan customs. Many Arabs began to believe that they were left out by al-Lah (the High God of their pantheon, literally meaning â€Å"the God†) because they were not sent a prophet or scripture such as Jesus, the Bible, or the Torah in that of the Christian and Jewish religions. Muhammad himself had most likely never heard of the Christian prophets. Oftentimes, the Jews and followers of Christ taunted the Arabs for not being a part of the divine plan. On the 17th day of Ramadan, 610 C.E., Muhammad awoke from his slumber by an overpowering presence that squeezed him so tightly that the word of a new Arab scripture fell from hisShow MoreRelated Hughes Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate1170 Words   |  5 PagesHughes Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate In the Hughes’ text, Women in World History: Volume 1, the chapter on Middle Eastern women focuses on how Islam affected their lives. Almost immediately, the authors wisely observe that â€Å"Muslim women’s rights have varied significantly with time, by region, and by class† (152). They continue with the warning that â€Å"there is far too much diversity to be adequately described in a few pages.† However, I argue that thereRead MoreHistory Of Islam : The Second Largest And Fastest Growing Religion Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Islam: Islam is the second largest and fastest-growing religion worldwide despite being the youngest of the major religions across the globe with 1.2 billion followers. The word Islam in the modern world does not only refer to countries from North Africa to Southeast Asia but also incorporates Muslim minority communities throughout the world. Currently, Islam is either the second or third largest religion in Americas and Europe since these regions have experienced the political, demographicRead MoreA Study Of Islamic History997 Words   |  4 PagesTo truly understand islamic history, one must examine the life of the individual who gave birth to such a phenomenon. Ibn Ishaq’s’ The life of Muhammad’ (1955), Syed Ameer Ali’s ‘The Spirit of Islam: A history of the Evolution and Ideals of Islam, with a Life of the Prophet’ (1923) and Ali Dashti’s ‘Twenty-three Years: A study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad’ (1985), claim that Islam did not begin prior to Muhammad’s birth. The focus of that time period was centred on the idea of conquest whichRead MoreThe Rise of Christianity vs. the Rise of Islam740 Words   |  3 Pagesvs. the Rise of Islam The rise of Christianity and Islam happened during a turbulent time in history, when major civilizations like the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire were in decline due to political infighting, disease, and outside barbarians constantly applying pressure. Christianity was adopted in the heart of the Roman Empire, as a way to continue the influence of Rome, while not being able to control all of Europe militarily. (Rise of Christianity, 2012) Therefore, early Christianity, asRead MoreRelationship Between Muslims And Jews1292 Words   |  6 PagesJews in Early Islam While also Looking at it From a Christian Perspective When looking at Early Islam and the relationship it had on Jews and Muslims we can see both the difficulties and achievements. Islam which is a monotheistic religion that urbanized in the Middle East during the 7th century means surrender, and was founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as an expression of surrender to the will of Allah, who is know to be the creator of the world in their eyes. Islam refersRead MoreIslam More Than a Religion1408 Words   |  6 PagesIslam More Than A Religion Despite its huge following around the world and the growing Muslim communities in the United States, Islam is foreign to most Americans who are familiar with Christianity or Judaism. Because most Americans know little or nothing about Islam, they have many misconceptions about Muslim beliefs and rituals. The negative image many people in the United States and Europe have of Islam and the Muslim world has a long history. Many have judged Islam without making an effortRead MoreContributions Of Prominent Muslim Women1049 Words   |  5 Pagesacknowledged in anyway. Which is all a misconception only conceived by non- muslims or people who might not have much knowledge in Islam. If they were to look deeper they would be astonished to see a womans worth in Islam and all the rights given towards women. And how women in Islamic history helped shape the religion. Some prominent Muslim women throughout Islamic history and modern times are from the following: Khadija b. Khuwaylid , Nusayba b. Ka’b al- Ansariyya, A’isha b. Abi Bakr, Al- Malika al-Read MoreAccount for the Spread of Islam from Its Beginnings to Ad 600c1115 Words   |  5 PagesAccount for the spread of Islam from its beginnings to c.660AD Islam is a monotheistic religion founded around 615AD by Mohammed. In its early days, many people rejected it, but now it is the fastest-growing religion in the world. Exploring the reason for its rapid spread, we look at its roots and early rulers, particularly its founder, Mohammed. Mohammed was born in Mecca in 570AD. His father died before he was born and was orphaned at the age of six following his mother’s death. AfterRead MoreThe Islamic Religion Of The Arabian Desert1505 Words   |  7 Pages Michael Pudlin Professor Ermus November 18th, 2014 Allah says in the Qur an not to despise one another. So the criterion in Islam is not color or social status. It s who is most righteous. If I go to a mosque - and I m a basketball player with money and prestige - if I go to a mosque and see an imam, I feel inferior. He s better than me. It s about knowledge.(Hakeem Olajuwon) The Islamic religion may also be defined as your average day rollercoaster; You have yourRead MoreThe Prophet Muhammad, By Michele Thorpe1609 Words   |  7 Pages The Prophet Muhammad By: Michele Thorpe History 104 Professor Odamtten November 17, 2014 The prophet Muhammad was born in the year 570, in the town of Mecca, in Western Arabia. Officially named AbÃ… « al-QÄ sim Muá ¸ ¥ammad ibn Ê ¿Abd AllÄ h ibn Ê ¿Abd al-Muá ¹ ­Ã¡ ¹ ­alib ibn HÄ shim, the prophet once urged his followers to â€Å"say what is true, even though it may be bitter and displeasing to others.† It is with this notion that Muhammad lived his life doing what he believed to be right, and preaching what

Jamaica Kincaids Lucy - 1762 Words

Jamaica Kincaid’s Lucy Coming of age is a popular topic for many fiction novels. Jamaica Kincaid is an author that excels at her craft. She envelops you in the plot, making you feel as if you yourself are a part of the tale. Lucy portrays the life of a young woman beginning her quest for freedom. Kincaid usually focuses on the West Indian culture and Lucy is no different. As Lucy finds her way in new surroundings, she meets friends and copes with personal issues in her life. Her determination to succeed inspires us all with the â€Å"sellable ‘underdog’ fight†. Jamaica Kincaid’s Lucy focuses on relationships with family, friends, and self. Jamaica Kincaid writes with a recurring theme of West Indian female development. (Hawthorne) Lucy is†¦show more content†¦(Mahlis) Kincaid relates the mothers of her works to â€Å"tough love†. Tough love turns into the daughter weakly trying to overcome this harsh, unfeeling â€Å"love† and failing. The daughters in mos t of Jamaica Kincaid’s works would become mentally unsure of herself until they find their identities, away from the mother. The feelings between daughter and mother transform too. During the years of youth, the mother is idolized and can do no wrong. As the daughter grows and matures, the mother is resented for the mental â€Å"bullying† and unnecessary castigation dealt out in childhood. (Simmons) In the novel, Lucy, the main character is truly weakened by the feelings she has for her mother and home. The same feelings apply to both subjects that are irrevocably seared into her soul as unconquerable hurdles. Ironically, Lucy frets over becoming her mother as she becomes her mother. â€Å"My past was my mother, I could hear her voice, and she spoke to me not in English or the French Patois that she sometimes spoke, or in any language that needed help from the tongue; she spoke to me in language anyone female could understand. And I was undeniably that ---- f emale. Oh, it was a laugh, for I had spent so much time saying I did not want to be like my mother that I missed the whole story; I was not like my mother- I was my mother.† (Mahlis) Paul Gauguin was a French postShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Jamaica Kincaids Lucy and Edwidge Danticats The Farming of Bones1744 Words   |  7 Pagesthat those with darker skins become the slaves of those with light skin, a period which still affects the populations of the Caribbean to this day. Two important books which deal with immigration and integration of the othered minority are Jamaica Kincaids novel Lucy and Edwidge Dandicats book The Farming of Bones. The two stories explore similar themes: love, parental relationships, race identification and prejudice, as well as the conflict between those who survive and how they are haunted by theirRead Moreâ€Å"Not at Home in her Own Skin†: Self-Invention through the Resolution of Conflicts in Jamaica Kincaid’s Lucy2344 Words   |  10 PagesSelf-Invention through the Resolution of Conflicts in Jamaica Kincaid’s Lucy Jamaica Kincaid’s novel Lucy is a Bildungsroman centering on the self-invention of the title-character, who is a young immigrant woman from Antigua. As part of this process, Lucy, as a character, struggles against the various forces of her mother, her past and her even her femininity at a very personal level, thereby setting up a series of conflicts seen throughout the novel. Lucy as a text, however, adds another layer to theseRead MoreLucy by Jamaica Kincaid Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesMy Journey into Discovering My True Self Jamaica Kincaid’s success as a writer was not easily attained as she endured struggles of having to often sleep on the floor of her apartment because she could not afford to buy a bed. She described herself as being a struggling writer, who did not know how to write, but sheer determination and a fortunate encounter with the editor of The New Yorker, William Shawn who set the epitome for her writing success. Ms. Kincaid was a West-Indian American writerRead MoreEssay on The Mother-Daughter Relationship in Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid1452 Words   |  6 PagesThe mother-daughter relationship is a common topic throughout many of Jamaica Kincaids novels. It is particularly prominent in Annie John, Lucy, and Autobiography of my Mother. This essay however will explore the mother-daughter relationship in Lucy. Lucy tells the story of a young woman who escapes a West Indian island to North America to work as an au pair for Mariah and Lewis, a young couple, and their four girls. As in he r other books—especially Annie John—Kincaid uses the mother-daughter relationshipRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Praisesong For The Widow By Paule Marshall1475 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunities far away from home. As illustrated in the Jamaica Kincaid’s novel, Lucy, Lucy the main character travels to the United States from West Indies to work for a wealthy white family. It is during her stay at the white family home that she tries to grapple with cultural identity. In this regard, the novel articulates that Lucy was optimistic of living behind her cultural identity from her West Indies background. However, with time, Lucy generates nostalgic memories of her homeland. This portraysRead MoreLucy By Jamaica Lucy Analysis1282 Words   |  6 Pages In the novel Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid, many postcolonial concerns are present within its context. A prominent concern is foreignness and Lucy’s inability to create an identity through her alienated presence. Thr ough the use of stereotyping, Lucy is immediately disappointed in her new home. Lucy theorizes that the world of the colonized and the colonizer are conflicting. The protagonist is â€Å"unhappy,† with her displacement in the colonial stronghold of North America (7). In Lucy, a migrant teenageRead MoreEssay on The Strain of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Annie John1863 Words   |  8 PagesThe Strain of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Annie John Jamaica Kincaid accurately portrays how adolescence can strain mother- daughter relationships. The mother- daughter relationships are universal but it is not clear why we avoid the topic(Gerd). The father- daughter relationships and the mother- sons relationships are the issues mostly talked about. In Jamaica Kincaids novel, Annie John, she explains and gives insight into mother- daughter relationships. In AnnieRead MoreThe Reluctant Fundamentalist By Mohsin Hamid And Lucy By Jamaica Kincaid Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesof arrogance and/or ignorance. In the novels The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid and Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid, the authors address this idea. Both Hamid and Kincaid utilize interactions between wealthy Americans and immigrants to demonstrate how wealthy American’s arrogance or ignorance alienates non-Americans. Whereas Hamid uses Changez primarily focus on the effects of arrogance, Kincaid uses Lucy as a critical observer of the effects of ignorance. In Hamid’s novel, Changez, a hopeful, educatedRead More Subject of Family in Lessing’s Flight, Hughes’ Mother to Son, Kincaids Girl and Adrienne Richs Po1656 Words   |  7 PagesSubject of Family in Lessing’s Flight, Hughes’ Mother to Son, Kincaids Girl and Adrienne Richs Poem, Merced Family as defined by Webster’s College Dictionary can be one of many different people. Family can be your parents, spouse, children, brother, sister, grandmother, uncle, any blood relative, or even people who are not blood related that share that common bond (Webster 475). My definition of family is similar to Webster’s, but I feel that there is more to it than just being a blood relativeRead More Sin and Death in John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay2270 Words   |  10 Pagesrejecting God, but he knows that God is still in control of him and of his miseries even though he has brought them on himself. Essay begins below.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In Jamaica Kincaids novel Lucy, the narrator remembers, as a teenager, discovering why her mother named her as she did:    I named you after Satan himself. Lucy, short for Lucifer. What a botheration from the moment you were conceived. . . . In the minute or so it took for all this to transpire, I went from feeling

Nigeri A Long, Complicated And Tragic History - 1703 Words

Nigeria is known for having a long, complicated and tragic history. Since achieving independence in 1960, Nigeria has struggled to stabilize its government. Nigeria’s history is studded with military coups and corruption. The rule of numerous coups, which have occurred relatively close together over a span of about twenty nine years, make it extremely difficult for a stable form of democratic government to be created. Instead of a true democracy, Nigeria suffers under a kleptocratic government. Nigeria’s corrupt form of government consistently takes from its people for their own reward. Another factor of government instability, is that Nigeria is a state comprised without regard to the nations within its borders. The people of Nigeria†¦show more content†¦The police force are supposed to be the vision of protection and justice for the citizens of Nigeria, but instead they are some of the people most feared and criminal. Godwin Ekpo was a Nigeria citizen who was shot through the jaw when he refused to pay a police officer a day’s wages in a bribe, â€Å"all of a sudden, I heard a gunshot twice. And†¦I went down, holding my jaw†¦and the blood was just gushing out† (â€Å"How†). This is a gruesome example of the severity of corruption in the everyday life of the locals in Nigeria. Corruption has reached even the ‘protectors’, and innocent people are targeted for not giving into the thievery. In Godwin Ekpo’s case, he was asked for just a day’s wages, however, when officers request bribes of greater amounts, escaping the grasp of an ever-growing and persistent poverty looks to be impossible. Another aspect of the local and ‘everyday’ corruption is when people seek out justice against the corruption of the government, investigations can be haulted or even over turned. In a PBS video article, Kemi Okenyodo stated â€Å"the low-level corruption makes it worse, when you come in contact with police officers, when you go and report a case, and a case can easily be turned against the person that has come to report† (â€Å"How†). There truly is no justice for the people of Nigeria in their law enforcement or in their government in charge of it all. Corruption

Macro-Scale Modeling Free Essays

In order to analyse the response of large structures with complex architecture, macro-scale modeling approaches is preferable to save computational time when running a simulation. In general, relying on classical laminate plate theory, macro-scale modelling approach are accessible in most commercial finite element codes like Abaqus and LS-DYNA. To model a structure with anisotropic properties using macro-scale approach, several material parameters in different directions are needed such as stiffness, Poisson’s ratios, strengths and damage parameters. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro-Scale Modeling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Determination of all of these parameters are either from a number of experimental tests or the results obtained from a meso-scale homogenization. Prediction of the effective properties of the material using analytical methods have been reviewed by Younes [123]. There are several disadvantages of the macro-scale modeling approach which limit its application. Basically, fiber architecture such as the undulation and intercrossing of fiber tows in the model is neglected in this approach. Hence, detailed stress and strain solution among the constituents and localized damage or failure cannot be provided. Regardless of the drawbacks, macro-scale approach can provide efficient global response for the simulation of composites with different fiber architecture. This is particularly evident when the analysed structure is relatively large. Macro-scale material parameters such as elastic and failure properties are very important in order to provide an accurate solution. Obtaining those parameter is tedious and costly since good experimental support is needed. Consequently, composite structure with less material parameters like transversely isotropic unidirectional composite laminate is favourable for macro-scale modelling. Y. Shi et al [124] have employed the macro-scale approach to predict the impact damage of composite laminates in the form of intra- and inter-laminar cracking under low velocity impact. Essential features of the model such as stress-based criteria for damage initiation, fracture mechanics techniques for damage evolution and Soutis shear stress–strain semi-empirical formula to capture nonlinear shear behaviour of the composite have been applied. A good agreement between numerical results and experimentally obtained curves of impact force and absorbed energy versus time have been achieved. Besides, the proposed damage evolution model also able to capture various damage mechanisms that occur after the impact. Macro-scale FE analysis of carbon fiber reinforced composite plate have been conducted by A. Riccio et. al [125] to predict the damage onset and evolution under low velocity impact. Both inter-lamina (delaminations) and intra-lamina failure mechanisms were predicted using the cohesive elements and Hashin’s failure criteria respectively. Moreover, to improve the accuracy of the result, a global–local technique was applied to refine the mesh in the impact zone. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results under different impact energies in terms of global impact parameters, maximum impact force, maximum impact displacement are found to be in fair agreement. D. Feng et. al [126] examined the structural response and the failure mechanisms of the composite laminates subjected to low-velocity impact using the macro-scale technique in combination with the constitutive models for intralaminar and interlaminar damage modes. The results of numerical simulations were compared with experimental data obtained by drop-weight impact testing and stereoscopic X-radiography. Both the structural impact response and the major damage mechanisms over the range of impact energies provided by the numerical FE model shown a reasonable good agreement with drop-weight impact testing data. H. Ullah et. al [127] conducted the experimental characterisation and numerical simulations on the deformation behaviour and damage in woven CFRP composite laminates under quasi-static bending. Two-dimensional macro-scale models are developed and numerical results showed that damage initiation and evolution processes in woven laminates are in agreement with experimental data. Yumin wan et. al [128] studied the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of three-dimensional (3D) braided composites subjected to compressive quasi-static and high strain rate loadings. Both meso- and macro-scale model integrated with strain rate sensitive elasto-plastic constitutive relationship and ductile and shear failure criterion were developed. Experimental data was used to verify the results obtained from both models and the results are promising. A macro-scale model of woven composite has also been developed by Xiao et. al [129] using LS-DYNA to simulate the onset and evolution of damage. Remarkably, failure mechanisms under different type of loadings including tensile, compression and shear can be predicted with this model In summary, even though the macroscale modeling approach is incapable to predict the behavior of the reinforcement, matrix or fiber-matrix interface, with its homogenization feature, it can act as an effective first level overall solution in the modeling framework especially for impact simulation of a large scale structure. Prediction of detail local failure is only applicable for micro- and meso-scale model approach. Besides, higher scale model can exploit the effective material properties obtained from both methods. To be brief, a comprehensive evaluation of material failure responses can be achieved through combination of micro-meso-macro scale approaches How to cite Macro-Scale Modeling, Papers

Tom Jones free essay sample

Would it be correct to say that in Tom Jones, Fielding considers marriage to be a mere socio- economic arrangements under which women feel continuously suppressed? Discuss. The true history of the English countryside has been centred throughout in the problems of property in land, and in the consequent social and working relationships. By the eighteenth century, nearly half of the cultivated land was owned by some five thousand families. As a central form of this predominance, four hundred families, in a population of some seven or eight million people, owned nearly a quarter of the cultivated land. In a society stressing male dominance, it is surprising to find an author who writes his female characters as more intelligent than and even superior to his male characters. Henry Fielding demonstrates this respect for his female characters in his 18th century classic, Tom Jones, as well as in other works, like his novel, Amelia. We can see that the gender history is closely linked with the women’s history. Until then, the history was based on a male point of view; men dominated both the public and private life. But with the emergence of gender, women’s history is important for her emancipation. In general, texts argued that men and women were naturally different. Authors said that women were of a lower status and tried to mould them into an idealized shape (modest, pious, and domestic). This perception has been accentuated during the 18th century and women were confined to a private sphere. The majority of the studies centred primarily on women and femininity. We can see that the sexes were not rigidly defined and that gender affected men’s and women’s lives more than we had thought until then. Many authors talk of separate spheres; men were naturally suited to the public sphere of work and politics, as women were naturally suited to the private sphere of the home and the family. In Tom Jones, we cannot find many relevant occurrences of the separate spheres; the only character who could enter this idea is Mrs Western. She seems to partake in the public sphere but that makes her not feminine anymore. Fielding often shows that the place of the women is at home. This construction of separate spheres was a motor for the class formation. The middle class even made this central to their class identity. But some historians had doubts about this rigid separation. They thought that the different spheres were permeable and fluid in the 18th century. But even if people could create their own individuality, they were all subject to gendered social rules and obligations, like class, age, occupation and religion. During the 17th century, women played an active role in the family workshop. But under the more commercial system of economic organization which was developing in the 17th century, men became journeymen and day labourers and women lost their role as members of the trades through marriage and also their prime source of both training and employment. Conception of women as an intellectual empty ornament: husband considered as the head of the woman. Duty of the wife is to obey her husband. Woman’s ornamental status wasn’t established only because of her economic uselessness: was also determined by her cultural construction as an accessory to masculine desire. Throughout Tom Jones by Henry Fielding, there are many examples of marriage. There is Squire Westerns marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Fitzpatricks marriage, the mentions of Allworthys wife, the marriage of Nightengale and Nancy, and the marriage of Nightengales cousin and the clergyman, and finally the marriage of Tom and Sophia. Some of these marriages end with a happy ending and some do not and we, the reader, are supposed to look at these marriages and see why they went wrong or why they are good. Through all these examples of marriage, Fielding is urging us to question the current institution of marriage and what it is based on. The plot of Tom Jones is based on the desire to link by marriage the two largest estates in Somersetshire: the proposed marriage of Sophia Western to Blifil is conceived for this end; her marriage to Tom Jones, when he is eventually revealed as Allworthy’s true heir, achieves what had formerly, for personal reasons, been rejected. Throughout Tom Jones, Fielding criticizes the perversion of love by the upper-class, homo-social system of property marriage. The last part of the novel shows a convergence between hero and heroine, after their alienation in the inn at Upton. But the property-marriage plot is complicated by the sexual corruptions of London, which threaten to capture both Tom and Sophia, though in different ways seduction for Tom, force for Sophia. Sophia is both threatened by her father (as before) and in need of his protection against the aristocratic amorality of Lady Bellaston and Lord Fellamar. She gains in stature by becoming much more than just a maiden in distress, but one who can manipulate too, in the interests of virtue. Lord Fellamar wants sexual possession of Sophia, and also her ? 80,000; Lady Bellaston wants to get rid of a rival for Tom’s services. Lord Fellamar will rape Sophia, then â€Å"make her amends† by marrying her; Fielding finds this code as detestable as the sexual opportunism of Pamela. Even after Fellamar tries and fails, Western’s sister still tries to promote the match. It’s lucky for Sophia that her father’s incidental hatred of Lords protects her from this corruption at least (though not that threatened by Blifil). What we scarcely notice, however, is that under Fielding’s scheme, such reciprocity that is expected between husband and wife is not witnessed between partners in marriage. Instead, we see wives running away from husbands and husbands in hot pursuit of them – they have to get their wives back into the marriage-mould. Bibliography: